Guidelines for terms related to chemical speciation and fractionation
of elements. Definitions, structural aspects, and methodological approaches
(IUPAC Recommendations 2000)
Douglas M. Templeton*1, Freek Ariese2, Rita Cornelis3*,
Lars-Göran Danielsson4, Herbert Muntau5,
Herman P. van Leeuwen6, and Ryszard Lobinski7
1Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Canada; 2Department of Analytical
Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the
Netherlands; 3Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Faculty
of Sciences, University of Gent, Belgium; 4Department of
Analytical Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden;
5Environmental Institute, Joint Research Centre Ispra, (VA)
Italy; 6Department of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science,
Wageningen Agricultural University, the Netherlands; 7CNRS
UMR 5034, Hélioparc, Pau, France, and Department of Chemistry,
Warsaw University of Technology,Warszawa, Poland
Abstract: This paper presents definitions of concepts related
to speciation of elements, more particularly speciation analysis and
chemical species. Fractionation is distinguished from speciation analysis,
and a general outline of fractionation procedures is given. We propose
a categorization of species according to isotopic composition of the
element, its oxidation and electronic states, and its complex and molecular
structure. Examples are given of methodological approaches used for
speciation analysis. A synopsis of the methodology of dynamic speciation
analysis is also presented.
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